G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

//
// ********************************************************************
// * License and Disclaimer                                           *
// *                                                                  *
// * The  Geant4 software  is  copyright of the Copyright Holders  of *
// * the Geant4 Collaboration.  It is provided  under  the terms  and *
// * conditions of the Geant4 Software License,  included in the file *
// * LICENSE and available at  http://cern.ch/geant4/license .  These *
// * include a list of copyright holders.                             *
// *                                                                  *
// * Neither the authors of this software system, nor their employing *
// * institutes,nor the agencies providing financial support for this *
// * work  make  any representation or  warranty, express or implied, *
// * regarding  this  software system or assume any liability for its *
// * use.  Please see the license in the file  LICENSE  and URL above *
// * for the full disclaimer and the limitation of liability.         *
// *                                                                  *
// * This  code  implementation is the result of  the  scientific and *
// * technical work of the GEANT4 collaboration.                      *
// * By using,  copying,  modifying or  distributing the software (or *
// * any work based  on the software)  you  agree  to acknowledge its *
// * use  in  resulting  scientific  publications,  and indicate your *
// * acceptance of all terms of the Geant4 Software license.          *
// ********************************************************************
//
//
// $Id$
// GEANT4 tag $Name: geant4-09-01-ref-00 $
//
//
// --------------------------------------------------------------
//  GEANT 4 class implementation file
//
//  History: first implementation, based on object model of
//  2nd December 1995, G.Cosmo
// --------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Modifications:
// 20/09/00 update fluctuations V.Ivanchenko
// 22/11/00 minor fix in fluctuations V.Ivanchenko
// 10/05/01  V.Ivanchenko Clean up againist Linux compilation with -Wall
// 22/05/01  V.Ivanchenko Update range calculation
// 23/11/01  V.Ivanchenko Move static member-functions from header to source
// 22/01/03  V.Ivanchenko Cut per region
// 11/02/03  V.Ivanchenko Add limits to fluctuations
// 24/04/03  V.Ivanchenko Fix the problem of table size
//
// --------------------------------------------------------------

#include "G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4ProductionCutsTable.hh"

G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::ParticleMass ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::taulow       ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::tauhigh      ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::ltaulow       ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::ltauhigh      ;


G4bool       G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::rndmStepFlag   = false;
G4bool       G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::EnlossFlucFlag = true;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::dRoverRange    = 20*perCent;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::finalRange     = 200*micrometer;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::c1lim = dRoverRange ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::c2lim = 2.*(1.-dRoverRange)*finalRange ;
G4double     G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::c3lim = -(1.-dRoverRange)*finalRange*finalRange;


//

G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss()
                   :G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess("No Name Loss Process"),
     lastMaterial(0),
     nmaxCont1(4),
     nmaxCont2(16)
{
  G4Exception("G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss()", "InvalidCall",
              FatalException, "Default constructor is called!");
}

//

G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss(const G4String& aName, G4ProcessType aType)
                  : G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess(aName, aType),
     lastMaterial(0),
     nmaxCont1(4),
     nmaxCont2(16)
{
}

//

G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::~G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss()
{
}

//

G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss(G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss& right)
                  : G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess(right),
     lastMaterial(0),
     nmaxCont1(4),
     nmaxCont2(16)
{
}

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::SetRndmStep(G4bool value)
{
   rndmStepFlag   = value;
}

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::SetEnlossFluc(G4bool value)
{
   EnlossFlucFlag = value;
}

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::SetStepFunction (G4double c1, G4double c2)
{
   dRoverRange = c1;
   finalRange = c2;
   c1lim=dRoverRange;
   c2lim=2.*(1-dRoverRange)*finalRange;
   c3lim=-(1.-dRoverRange)*finalRange*finalRange;
}

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildRangeTable(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                           G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                           G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                           G4double highestKineticEnergy,
                           G4int TotBin)
// Build range table from the energy loss table
{

   G4int numOfCouples = theDEDXTable->length();

   if(theRangeTable)
   { theRangeTable->clearAndDestroy();
     delete theRangeTable; }
   theRangeTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

   // loop for materials

   for (G4int J=0;  J<numOfCouples; J++)
   {
     G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector;
     aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(lowestKineticEnergy,
                              highestKineticEnergy,TotBin);
     BuildRangeVector(theDEDXTable,lowestKineticEnergy,highestKineticEnergy,
                      TotBin,J,aVector);
     theRangeTable->insert(aVector);
   }
   return theRangeTable ;
}

//

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildRangeVector(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                                         G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                                         G4double,
                                         G4int TotBin,
                                         G4int materialIndex,
                                         G4PhysicsLogVector* rangeVector)

//  create range vector for a material
{
  G4bool isOut;
  G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector= (*theDEDXTable)[materialIndex];
  G4double energy1 = lowestKineticEnergy;
  G4double dedx    = physicsVector->GetValue(energy1,isOut);
  G4double range   = 0.5*energy1/dedx;
  rangeVector->PutValue(0,range);
  G4int n = 100;
  G4double del = 1.0/(G4double)n ;

  for (G4int j=1; j<TotBin; j++) {

    G4double energy2 = rangeVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(j);
    G4double de = (energy2 - energy1) * del ;
    G4double dedx1 = dedx ;

    for (G4int i=1; i<n; i++) {
      G4double energy = energy1 + i*de ;
      G4double dedx2  = physicsVector->GetValue(energy,isOut);
      range  += 0.5*de*(1.0/dedx1 + 1.0/dedx2);
      dedx1   = dedx2;
    }
    rangeVector->PutValue(j,range);
    dedx = dedx1 ;
    energy1 = energy2 ;
  }
}

//

G4double G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::RangeIntLin(G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector,
                    G4int nbin)
//  num. integration, linear binning
{
  G4double dtau,Value,taui,ti,lossi,ci;
  G4bool isOut;
  dtau = (tauhigh-taulow)/nbin;
  Value = 0.;

  for (G4int i=0; i<=nbin; i++)
  {
    taui = taulow + dtau*i ;
    ti = ParticleMass*taui;
    lossi = physicsVector->GetValue(ti,isOut);
    if(i==0)
      ci=0.5;
    else
    {
      if(i<nbin)
        ci=1.;
      else
        ci=0.5;
    }
    Value += ci/lossi;
  }
  Value *= ParticleMass*dtau;
  return Value;
}

//

G4double G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::RangeIntLog(G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector,
                    G4int nbin)
//  num. integration, logarithmic binning
{
  G4double ltt,dltau,Value,ui,taui,ti,lossi,ci;
  G4bool isOut;
  ltt = ltauhigh-ltaulow;
  dltau = ltt/nbin;
  Value = 0.;

  for (G4int i=0; i<=nbin; i++)
  {
    ui = ltaulow+dltau*i;
    taui = std::exp(ui);
    ti = ParticleMass*taui;
    lossi = physicsVector->GetValue(ti,isOut);
    if(i==0)
      ci=0.5;
    else
    {
      if(i<nbin)
        ci=1.;
      else
        ci=0.5;
    }
    Value += ci*taui/lossi;
  }
  Value *= ParticleMass*dltau;
  return Value;
}


//

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildLabTimeTable(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                             G4PhysicsTable* theLabTimeTable,
                             G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                             G4double highestKineticEnergy,G4int TotBin)

{

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();

  if(theLabTimeTable)
  { theLabTimeTable->clearAndDestroy();
    delete theLabTimeTable; }
  theLabTimeTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);


  for (G4int J=0;  J<numOfCouples; J++)
  {
    G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector;

    aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(lowestKineticEnergy,
                            highestKineticEnergy,TotBin);

    BuildLabTimeVector(theDEDXTable,
              lowestKineticEnergy,highestKineticEnergy,TotBin,J,aVector);
    theLabTimeTable->insert(aVector);


  }
  return theLabTimeTable ;
}

//    

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildProperTimeTable(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                            G4PhysicsTable* theProperTimeTable,
                            G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                            G4double highestKineticEnergy,G4int TotBin)
                            
{

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();
 
  if(theProperTimeTable)
  { theProperTimeTable->clearAndDestroy();
    delete theProperTimeTable; }
  theProperTimeTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);


  for (G4int J=0;  J<numOfCouples; J++)
  {
    G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector;

    aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(lowestKineticEnergy,
                            highestKineticEnergy,TotBin);

    BuildProperTimeVector(theDEDXTable,
              lowestKineticEnergy,highestKineticEnergy,TotBin,J,aVector);
    theProperTimeTable->insert(aVector);


  }
  return theProperTimeTable ;
}

//    

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildLabTimeVector(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                       G4double, // lowestKineticEnergy,
                       G4double, // highestKineticEnergy,
                                           G4int TotBin,
                       G4int materialIndex, G4PhysicsLogVector* timeVector)
//  create lab time vector for a material
{

  G4int nbin=100;
  G4bool isOut;
  G4double tlim=5.*keV,parlowen=0.4,ppar=0.5-parlowen ;
  G4double losslim,clim,taulim,timelim,
           LowEdgeEnergy,tau,Value ;

  G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector= (*theDEDXTable)[materialIndex];

  // low energy part first...
  losslim = physicsVector->GetValue(tlim,isOut);
  taulim=tlim/ParticleMass ;
  clim=std::sqrt(ParticleMass*tlim/2.)/(c_light*losslim*ppar) ;

  G4int i=-1;
  G4double oldValue = 0. ;
  G4double tauold ;
  do
  {
    i += 1 ;
    LowEdgeEnergy = timeVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i);
    tau = LowEdgeEnergy/ParticleMass ;
    if ( tau <= taulim )
    {
      Value = clim*std::exp(ppar*std::log(tau/taulim)) ;
    }
    else
    {
      timelim=clim ;
      ltaulow = std::log(taulim);
      ltauhigh = std::log(tau);
      Value = timelim+LabTimeIntLog(physicsVector,nbin);
    }
    timeVector->PutValue(i,Value);
    oldValue = Value ;
    tauold = tau ;
  } while (tau<=taulim) ;
  i += 1 ;
  for (G4int j=i; j<TotBin; j++)
  {
    LowEdgeEnergy = timeVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(j);
    tau = LowEdgeEnergy/ParticleMass ;
    ltaulow = std::log(tauold);
    ltauhigh = std::log(tau);
    Value = oldValue+LabTimeIntLog(physicsVector,nbin);
    timeVector->PutValue(j,Value);
    oldValue = Value ;
    tauold = tau ;
  }
}

//    

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildProperTimeVector(G4PhysicsTable* theDEDXTable,
                          G4double, // lowestKineticEnergy,
                          G4double, // highestKineticEnergy,
                                              G4int TotBin,
                          G4int materialIndex, G4PhysicsLogVector* timeVector)
//  create proper time vector for a material
{
  G4int nbin=100;
  G4bool isOut;
  G4double tlim=5.*keV,parlowen=0.4,ppar=0.5-parlowen ;
  G4double losslim,clim,taulim,timelim,
           LowEdgeEnergy,tau,Value ;

  G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector= (*theDEDXTable)[materialIndex];
  //const G4MaterialTable* theMaterialTable = G4Material::GetMaterialTable();

  // low energy part first...
  losslim = physicsVector->GetValue(tlim,isOut);
  taulim=tlim/ParticleMass ;
  clim=std::sqrt(ParticleMass*tlim/2.)/(c_light*losslim*ppar) ;

  G4int i=-1;
  G4double oldValue = 0. ;
  G4double tauold ;
  do
  {
    i += 1 ;
    LowEdgeEnergy = timeVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i);
    tau = LowEdgeEnergy/ParticleMass ;
    if ( tau <= taulim )
    {
      Value = clim*std::exp(ppar*std::log(tau/taulim)) ;
    }
    else
    {
      timelim=clim ;
      ltaulow = std::log(taulim);
      ltauhigh = std::log(tau);
      Value = timelim+ProperTimeIntLog(physicsVector,nbin);
    }
    timeVector->PutValue(i,Value);
    oldValue = Value ;
    tauold = tau ;
  } while (tau<=taulim) ;
  i += 1 ;
  for (G4int j=i; j<TotBin; j++)
  {
    LowEdgeEnergy = timeVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(j);
    tau = LowEdgeEnergy/ParticleMass ;
    ltaulow = std::log(tauold);
    ltauhigh = std::log(tau);
    Value = oldValue+ProperTimeIntLog(physicsVector,nbin);
    timeVector->PutValue(j,Value);
    oldValue = Value ;
    tauold = tau ;
  }
}

//    

G4double G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::LabTimeIntLog(G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector,
                      G4int nbin)
//  num. integration, logarithmic binning
{
  G4double ltt,dltau,Value,ui,taui,ti,lossi,ci;
  G4bool isOut;
  ltt = ltauhigh-ltaulow;
  dltau = ltt/nbin;
  Value = 0.;

  for (G4int i=0; i<=nbin; i++)
  {
    ui = ltaulow+dltau*i;
    taui = std::exp(ui);
    ti = ParticleMass*taui;
    lossi = physicsVector->GetValue(ti,isOut);
    if(i==0)
      ci=0.5;
    else
    {
      if(i<nbin)
        ci=1.;
      else
        ci=0.5;
    }
    Value += ci*taui*(ti+ParticleMass)/(std::sqrt(ti*(ti+2.*ParticleMass))*lossi);
  }
  Value *= ParticleMass*dltau/c_light;
  return Value;
}

//    

G4double G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::ProperTimeIntLog(G4PhysicsVector* physicsVector,
                         G4int nbin)
//  num. integration, logarithmic binning
{
  G4double ltt,dltau,Value,ui,taui,ti,lossi,ci;
  G4bool isOut;
  ltt = ltauhigh-ltaulow;
  dltau = ltt/nbin;
  Value = 0.;

  for (G4int i=0; i<=nbin; i++)
  {
    ui = ltaulow+dltau*i;
    taui = std::exp(ui);
    ti = ParticleMass*taui;
    lossi = physicsVector->GetValue(ti,isOut);
    if(i==0)
      ci=0.5;
    else
    {
      if(i<nbin)
        ci=1.;
      else
        ci=0.5;
    }
    Value += ci*taui*ParticleMass/(std::sqrt(ti*(ti+2.*ParticleMass))*lossi);
  }
  Value *= ParticleMass*dltau/c_light;
  return Value;
}

//    

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildInverseRangeTable(G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                              G4PhysicsTable*,
                              G4PhysicsTable*,
                              G4PhysicsTable*,
                              G4PhysicsTable* theInverseRangeTable,
                              G4double, // lowestKineticEnergy,
                              G4double, // highestKineticEnergy
                              G4int )   // nbins
// Build inverse table of the range table
{
  G4bool b;

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();

    if(theInverseRangeTable)
    { theInverseRangeTable->clearAndDestroy();
      delete theInverseRangeTable; }
    theInverseRangeTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

  // loop for materials
  for (G4int i=0;  i<numOfCouples; i++)
  {

    G4PhysicsVector* pv = (*theRangeTable)[i];
    size_t nbins   = pv->GetVectorLength();
    G4double elow  = pv->GetLowEdgeEnergy(0);
    G4double ehigh = pv->GetLowEdgeEnergy(nbins-1);
    G4double rlow  = pv->GetValue(elow, b);
    G4double rhigh = pv->GetValue(ehigh, b);

    rhigh *= std::exp(std::log(rhigh/rlow)/((G4double)(nbins-1)));

    G4PhysicsLogVector* v = new G4PhysicsLogVector(rlow, rhigh, nbins);

    v->PutValue(0,elow);
    G4double energy1 = elow;
    G4double range1  = rlow;
    G4double energy2 = elow;
    G4double range2  = rlow;
    size_t ilow      = 0;
    size_t ihigh;

    for (size_t j=1; j<nbins; j++) {

      G4double range = v->GetLowEdgeEnergy(j);

      for (ihigh=ilow+1; ihigh<nbins; ihigh++) {
        energy2 = pv->GetLowEdgeEnergy(ihigh);
        range2  = pv->GetValue(energy2, b);
        if(range2 >= range || ihigh == nbins-1) {
          ilow = ihigh - 1;
          energy1 = pv->GetLowEdgeEnergy(ilow);
          range1  = pv->GetValue(energy1, b); 
          break;
    }
      }

      G4double e = std::log(energy1) + std::log(energy2/energy1)*std::log(range/range1)/std::log(range2/range1);

      v->PutValue(j,std::exp(e));
    }
    theInverseRangeTable->insert(v);

  }
  return theInverseRangeTable ;
}

//    

void G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::InvertRangeVector(G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                      G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffATable,
                      G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffBTable,
                      G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffCTable,
                      G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                      G4double highestKineticEnergy, G4int TotBin,
                      G4int  materialIndex, G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector)
//  invert range vector for a material
{
  G4double LowEdgeRange,A,B,C,discr,KineticEnergy ;
  G4double RTable = std::exp(std::log(highestKineticEnergy/lowestKineticEnergy)/TotBin) ;
  G4double Tbin = lowestKineticEnergy/RTable ;
  G4double rangebin = 0.0 ;
  G4int binnumber = -1 ;
  G4bool isOut ;

  //loop for range values
  for( G4int i=0; i<TotBin; i++)
  {
    LowEdgeRange = aVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i) ;  //i.e. GetLowEdgeValue(i)
    if( rangebin < LowEdgeRange )
    {
      do
      {
        binnumber += 1 ;
        Tbin *= RTable ;
        rangebin = (*theRangeTable)(materialIndex)->GetValue(Tbin,isOut) ;
      }
      while ((rangebin < LowEdgeRange) && (binnumber < TotBin )) ;
    }

    if(binnumber == 0)
      KineticEnergy = lowestKineticEnergy ;
    else if(binnumber == TotBin-1)
      KineticEnergy = highestKineticEnergy ;
    else
    {
      A = (*(*theRangeCoeffATable)(materialIndex))(binnumber-1) ;
      B = (*(*theRangeCoeffBTable)(materialIndex))(binnumber-1) ;
      C = (*(*theRangeCoeffCTable)(materialIndex))(binnumber-1) ;
      if(A==0.)
         KineticEnergy = (LowEdgeRange -C )/B ;
      else
      {
         discr = B*B - 4.*A*(C-LowEdgeRange);
         discr = discr>0. ? std::sqrt(discr) : 0.;
         KineticEnergy = 0.5*(discr-B)/A ;
      }
    }

    aVector->PutValue(i,KineticEnergy) ;
  }
}

//    

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildRangeCoeffATable(G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                             G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffATable,
                             G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                             G4double highestKineticEnergy, G4int TotBin)
// Build tables of coefficients for the energy loss calculation
//  create table for coefficients "A"
{

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();

  if(theRangeCoeffATable)
  { theRangeCoeffATable->clearAndDestroy();
    delete theRangeCoeffATable; }
  theRangeCoeffATable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

  G4double RTable = std::exp(std::log(highestKineticEnergy/lowestKineticEnergy)/TotBin) ;
  G4double R2 = RTable*RTable ;
  G4double R1 = RTable+1.;
  G4double w = R1*(RTable-1.)*(RTable-1.);
  G4double w1 = RTable/w , w2 = -RTable*R1/w , w3 = R2/w ;
  G4double Ti , Tim , Tip , Ri , Rim , Rip , Value ;
  G4bool isOut;

  //  loop for materials
  for (G4int J=0; J<numOfCouples; J++)
  {
    G4int binmax=TotBin ;
    G4PhysicsLinearVector* aVector =
                           new G4PhysicsLinearVector(0.,binmax, TotBin);
    Ti = lowestKineticEnergy ;
    G4PhysicsVector* rangeVector= (*theRangeTable)[J];

    for ( G4int i=0; i<TotBin; i++)
    {
      Ri = rangeVector->GetValue(Ti,isOut) ;
      if ( i==0 )
        Rim = 0. ;
      else
      {
        Tim = Ti/RTable ;
        Rim = rangeVector->GetValue(Tim,isOut);
      }
      if ( i==(TotBin-1))
        Rip = Ri ;
      else
      {
        Tip = Ti*RTable ;
        Rip = rangeVector->GetValue(Tip,isOut);
      }
      Value = (w1*Rip + w2*Ri + w3*Rim)/(Ti*Ti) ;

      aVector->PutValue(i,Value);
      Ti = RTable*Ti ;
    }
 
    theRangeCoeffATable->insert(aVector);
  }
  return theRangeCoeffATable ;
}

//    
  
G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildRangeCoeffBTable(G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                             G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffBTable,
                             G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                             G4double highestKineticEnergy, G4int TotBin)
// Build tables of coefficients for the energy loss calculation
//  create table for coefficients "B"
{

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();

  if(theRangeCoeffBTable)
  { theRangeCoeffBTable->clearAndDestroy();
    delete theRangeCoeffBTable; }
  theRangeCoeffBTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

  G4double RTable = std::exp(std::log(highestKineticEnergy/lowestKineticEnergy)/TotBin) ;
  G4double R2 = RTable*RTable ;
  G4double R1 = RTable+1.;
  G4double w = R1*(RTable-1.)*(RTable-1.);
  G4double w1 = -R1/w , w2 = R1*(R2+1.)/w , w3 = -R2*R1/w ;
  G4double Ti , Tim , Tip , Ri , Rim , Rip , Value ;
  G4bool isOut;

  //  loop for materials
  for (G4int J=0; J<numOfCouples; J++)
  {
    G4int binmax=TotBin ;
    G4PhysicsLinearVector* aVector =
                        new G4PhysicsLinearVector(0.,binmax, TotBin);
    Ti = lowestKineticEnergy ;
    G4PhysicsVector* rangeVector= (*theRangeTable)[J];
  
    for ( G4int i=0; i<TotBin; i++)
    {
      Ri = rangeVector->GetValue(Ti,isOut) ;
      if ( i==0 )
         Rim = 0. ;
      else
      {
        Tim = Ti/RTable ;
        Rim = rangeVector->GetValue(Tim,isOut);
      }
      if ( i==(TotBin-1))
        Rip = Ri ;
      else
      {
        Tip = Ti*RTable ;
        Rip = rangeVector->GetValue(Tip,isOut);
      }
      Value = (w1*Rip + w2*Ri + w3*Rim)/Ti;

      aVector->PutValue(i,Value);
      Ti = RTable*Ti ;
    }
    theRangeCoeffBTable->insert(aVector);
  }
  return theRangeCoeffBTable ;
}

//    

G4PhysicsTable* G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::BuildRangeCoeffCTable(G4PhysicsTable* theRangeTable,
                             G4PhysicsTable* theRangeCoeffCTable,
                             G4double lowestKineticEnergy,
                             G4double highestKineticEnergy, G4int TotBin)
// Build tables of coefficients for the energy loss calculation
//  create table for coefficients "C"
{

  G4int numOfCouples = G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable()->GetTableSize();

  if(theRangeCoeffCTable)
  { theRangeCoeffCTable->clearAndDestroy();
    delete theRangeCoeffCTable; }
  theRangeCoeffCTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

  G4double RTable = std::exp(std::log(highestKineticEnergy/lowestKineticEnergy)/TotBin) ;
  G4double R2 = RTable*RTable ;
  G4double R1 = RTable+1.;
  G4double w = R1*(RTable-1.)*(RTable-1.);
  G4double w1 = 1./w , w2 = -RTable*R1/w , w3 = RTable*R2/w ;
  G4double Ti , Tim , Tip , Ri , Rim , Rip , Value ;
  G4bool isOut;

  //  loop for materials
  for (G4int J=0; J<numOfCouples; J++)
  {
    G4int binmax=TotBin ;
    G4PhysicsLinearVector* aVector =
                      new G4PhysicsLinearVector(0.,binmax, TotBin);
    Ti = lowestKineticEnergy ;
    G4PhysicsVector* rangeVector= (*theRangeTable)[J];
  
    for ( G4int i=0; i<TotBin; i++)
    {
      Ri = rangeVector->GetValue(Ti,isOut) ;
      if ( i==0 )
        Rim = 0. ;
      else
      {
        Tim = Ti/RTable ;
        Rim = rangeVector->GetValue(Tim,isOut);
      }
      if ( i==(TotBin-1))
        Rip = Ri ;
      else
      {
        Tip = Ti*RTable ;
        Rip = rangeVector->GetValue(Tip,isOut);
      }
      Value = w1*Rip + w2*Ri + w3*Rim ;

      aVector->PutValue(i,Value);
      Ti = RTable*Ti ;
    }
    theRangeCoeffCTable->insert(aVector);
  }
  return theRangeCoeffCTable ;
}

//    

G4double G4RDVeLowEnergyLoss::GetLossWithFluct(const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle,
                                             const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple,
                         G4double MeanLoss,
                         G4double step)
//  calculate actual loss from the mean loss
//  The model used to get the fluctuation is essentially the same as in Glandz in Geant3.
{
   static const G4double minLoss = 1.*eV ;
   static const G4double probLim = 0.01 ;
   static const G4double sumaLim = -std::log(probLim) ;
   static const G4double alim=10.;
   static const G4double kappa = 10. ;
   static const G4double factor = twopi_mc2_rcl2 ;
  const G4Material* aMaterial = couple->GetMaterial();

  // check if the material has changed ( cache mechanism)

  if (aMaterial != lastMaterial)
    {
      lastMaterial = aMaterial;
      imat         = couple->GetIndex();
      f1Fluct      = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetF1fluct();
      f2Fluct      = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetF2fluct();
      e1Fluct      = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetEnergy1fluct();
      e2Fluct      = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetEnergy2fluct();
      e1LogFluct   = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetLogEnergy1fluct();
      e2LogFluct   = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetLogEnergy2fluct();
      rateFluct    = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetRateionexcfluct();
      ipotFluct    = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetMeanExcitationEnergy();
      ipotLogFluct = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetLogMeanExcEnergy();
    }
  G4double threshold,w1,w2,C,
           beta2,suma,e0,loss,lossc,w;
  G4double a1,a2,a3;
  G4int p1,p2,p3;
  G4int nb;
  G4double Corrfac, na,alfa,rfac,namean,sa,alfa1,ea,sea;
  //  G4double dp1;
  G4double dp3;
  G4double siga ;

  // shortcut for very very small loss
  if(MeanLoss < minLoss) return MeanLoss ;

  // get particle data
  G4double Tkin   = aParticle->GetKineticEnergy();

  //  G4cout << "MGP -- Fluc Tkin " << Tkin/keV << " keV "  << " MeanLoss = " << MeanLoss/keV << G4endl;

  threshold = (*((G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable())
                ->GetEnergyCutsVector(1)))[imat];
  G4double rmass = electron_mass_c2/ParticleMass;
  G4double tau   = Tkin/ParticleMass, tau1 = tau+1., tau2 = tau*(tau+2.);
  G4double Tm    = 2.*electron_mass_c2*tau2/(1.+2.*tau1*rmass+rmass*rmass);

  // G4cout << "MGP Particle mass " << ParticleMass/MeV << " Tm " << Tm << G4endl;

  if(Tm > threshold) Tm = threshold;
  beta2 = tau2/(tau1*tau1);

  // Gaussian fluctuation ?
  if(MeanLoss >= kappa*Tm || MeanLoss <= kappa*ipotFluct)
  {
    G4double electronDensity = aMaterial->GetElectronDensity() ;
    siga = std::sqrt(Tm*(1.0-0.5*beta2)*step*
                factor*electronDensity/beta2) ;
    do {
      loss = G4RandGauss::shoot(MeanLoss,siga) ;
    } while (loss < 0. || loss > 2.0*MeanLoss);
    return loss ;
  }

  w1 = Tm/ipotFluct;
  w2 = std::log(2.*electron_mass_c2*tau2);

  C = MeanLoss*(1.-rateFluct)/(w2-ipotLogFluct-beta2);

  a1 = C*f1Fluct*(w2-e1LogFluct-beta2)/e1Fluct;
  a2 = C*f2Fluct*(w2-e2LogFluct-beta2)/e2Fluct;
  a3 = rateFluct*MeanLoss*(Tm-ipotFluct)/(ipotFluct*Tm*std::log(w1));

  suma = a1+a2+a3;

  loss = 0. ;

  if(suma < sumaLim)             // very small Step
    {
      e0 = aMaterial->GetIonisation()->GetEnergy0fluct();
      // G4cout << "MGP e0 = " << e0/keV << G4endl;

      if(Tm == ipotFluct)
    {
      a3 = MeanLoss/e0;

      if(a3>alim)
        {
          siga=std::sqrt(a3) ;
          p3 = std::max(0,G4int(G4RandGauss::shoot(a3,siga)+0.5));
        }
      else p3 = G4Poisson(a3);

      loss = p3*e0 ;

      if(p3 > 0) loss += (1.-2.*G4UniformRand())*e0 ;
      // G4cout << "MGP very small step " << loss/keV << G4endl;
    }
      else
    {
      //      G4cout << "MGP old Tm = " << Tm << " " << ipotFluct << " " << e0 << G4endl;
      Tm = Tm-ipotFluct+e0 ;

      // MGP ---- workaround to avoid log argument<0, TO BE CHECKED
      if (Tm <= 0.)
        {
          loss = MeanLoss;
          p3 = 0;
          // G4cout << "MGP correction loss = MeanLoss " << loss/keV << G4endl;
        }
      else
        {
          a3 = MeanLoss*(Tm-e0)/(Tm*e0*std::log(Tm/e0));

          // G4cout << "MGP new Tm = " << Tm << " " << ipotFluct << " " << e0 << " a3= " << a3 << G4endl;
          
          if(a3>alim)
        {
          siga=std::sqrt(a3) ;
          p3 = std::max(0,G4int(G4RandGauss::shoot(a3,siga)+0.5));
        }
          else
        p3 = G4Poisson(a3);
          //G4cout << "MGP p3 " << p3 << G4endl;

        }
          
      if(p3 > 0)
        {
          w = (Tm-e0)/Tm ;
          if(p3 > nmaxCont2)
        {
          // G4cout << "MGP dp3 " << dp3 << " p3 " << p3 << " " << nmaxCont2 << G4endl;
          dp3 = G4double(p3) ;
          Corrfac = dp3/G4double(nmaxCont2) ;
          p3 = nmaxCont2 ;
        }
          else
        Corrfac = 1. ;
          
          for(G4int i=0; i<p3; i++) loss += 1./(1.-w*G4UniformRand()) ;
          loss *= e0*Corrfac ; 
          // G4cout << "MGP Corrfac = " << Corrfac << " e0 = " << e0/keV << " loss = " << loss/keV << G4endl;
        }        
    }
    }

  else                              // not so small Step
    {
      // excitation type 1
      if(a1>alim)
      {
        siga=std::sqrt(a1) ;
        p1 = std::max(0,int(G4RandGauss::shoot(a1,siga)+0.5));
      }
      else
       p1 = G4Poisson(a1);

      // excitation type 2
      if(a2>alim)
      {
        siga=std::sqrt(a2) ;
        p2 = std::max(0,int(G4RandGauss::shoot(a2,siga)+0.5));
      }
      else
        p2 = G4Poisson(a2);

      loss = p1*e1Fluct+p2*e2Fluct;
 
      // smearing to avoid unphysical peaks
      if(p2 > 0)
        loss += (1.-2.*G4UniformRand())*e2Fluct;
      else if (loss>0.)
        loss += (1.-2.*G4UniformRand())*e1Fluct;   
      
      // ionisation .......................................
      if(a3 > 0.)
    {
      if(a3>alim)
        {
          siga=std::sqrt(a3) ;
          p3 = std::max(0,int(G4RandGauss::shoot(a3,siga)+0.5));
        }
      else
        p3 = G4Poisson(a3);
      
      lossc = 0.;
      if(p3 > 0)
        {
          na = 0.; 
          alfa = 1.;
          if (p3 > nmaxCont2)
        {
          dp3        = G4double(p3);
          rfac       = dp3/(G4double(nmaxCont2)+dp3);
          namean     = G4double(p3)*rfac;
          sa         = G4double(nmaxCont1)*rfac;
          na         = G4RandGauss::shoot(namean,sa);
          if (na > 0.)
            {
              alfa   = w1*G4double(nmaxCont2+p3)/(w1*G4double(nmaxCont2)+G4double(p3));
              alfa1  = alfa*std::log(alfa)/(alfa-1.);
              ea     = na*ipotFluct*alfa1;
              sea    = ipotFluct*std::sqrt(na*(alfa-alfa1*alfa1));
              lossc += G4RandGauss::shoot(ea,sea);
            }
        }
          
          nb = G4int(G4double(p3)-na);
          if (nb > 0)
        {
          w2 = alfa*ipotFluct;
          w  = (Tm-w2)/Tm;      
          for (G4int k=0; k<nb; k++) lossc += w2/(1.-w*G4UniformRand());
        }
        }        
      
      loss += lossc;  
    }
    } 
  
  return loss ;
}

//