G4Cerenkov.cc

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// $Id$
//
// Cerenkov Radiation Class Implementation
//
// File:        G4Cerenkov.cc 
// Description: Discrete Process -- Generation of Cerenkov Photons
// Version:     2.1
// Created:     1996-02-21  
// Author:      Juliet Armstrong
// Updated:     2007-09-30 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > change inheritance to G4VDiscreteProcess
//              GetContinuousStepLimit -> GetMeanFreePath (StronglyForced)
//              AlongStepDoIt -> PostStepDoIt
//              2005-08-17 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > change variable name MeanNumPhotons -> MeanNumberOfPhotons
//              2005-07-28 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > add G4ProcessType to constructor
//              2001-09-17, migration of Materials to pure STL (mma) 
//              2000-11-12 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > add check on CerenkovAngleIntegrals->IsFilledVectorExist()
//              in method GetAverageNumberOfPhotons 
//              > and a test for MeanNumberOfPhotons <= 0.0 in DoIt
//              2000-09-18 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > change: aSecondaryPosition=x0+rand*aStep.GetDeltaPosition();
//                        aSecondaryTrack->SetTouchable(0);
//              1999-10-29 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > change: == into <= in GetContinuousStepLimit
//              1997-08-08 by Peter Gumplinger
//              > add protection against /0
//              > G4MaterialPropertiesTable; new physics/tracking scheme
//
// mail:        gum@triumf.ca
//

#include "G4ios.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4Poisson.hh"
#include "G4EmProcessSubType.hh"

#include "G4LossTableManager.hh"
#include "G4MaterialCutsCouple.hh"
#include "G4ParticleDefinition.hh"

#include "G4Cerenkov.hh"

// Class Implementation  

        // Operators

// G4Cerenkov::operator=(const G4Cerenkov &right)
// {
// }

        // Constructors

G4Cerenkov::G4Cerenkov(const G4String& processName, G4ProcessType type)
           : G4VProcess(processName, type)
{
        SetProcessSubType(fCerenkov);

    fTrackSecondariesFirst = false;
        fMaxBetaChange = 0.;
    fMaxPhotons = 0;

        thePhysicsTable = NULL;

    if (verboseLevel>0) {
           G4cout << GetProcessName() << " is created " << G4endl;
    }

    BuildThePhysicsTable();
}

// G4Cerenkov::G4Cerenkov(const G4Cerenkov &right)
// {
// }

        // Destructors

G4Cerenkov::~G4Cerenkov() 
{
    if (thePhysicsTable != NULL) {
       thePhysicsTable->clearAndDestroy();
           delete thePhysicsTable;
    }
}

        // Methods

// PostStepDoIt
// -------------
//
G4VParticleChange*
G4Cerenkov::PostStepDoIt(const G4Track& aTrack, const G4Step& aStep)

// This routine is called for each tracking Step of a charged particle
// in a radiator. A Poisson-distributed number of photons is generated
// according to the Cerenkov formula, distributed evenly along the track
// segment and uniformly azimuth w.r.t. the particle direction. The 
// parameters are then transformed into the Master Reference System, and 
// they are added to the particle change. 

{
    // Should we ensure that the material is dispersive?

        aParticleChange.Initialize(aTrack);

        const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle = aTrack.GetDynamicParticle();
        const G4Material* aMaterial = aTrack.GetMaterial();

    G4StepPoint* pPreStepPoint  = aStep.GetPreStepPoint();
    G4StepPoint* pPostStepPoint = aStep.GetPostStepPoint();

    G4ThreeVector x0 = pPreStepPoint->GetPosition();
        G4ThreeVector p0 = aStep.GetDeltaPosition().unit();
    G4double t0 = pPreStepPoint->GetGlobalTime();

        G4MaterialPropertiesTable* aMaterialPropertiesTable =
                               aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();
        if (!aMaterialPropertiesTable) return pParticleChange;

    G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex = 
                aMaterialPropertiesTable->GetProperty("RINDEX"); 
        if (!Rindex) return pParticleChange;

        // particle charge
        const G4double charge = aParticle->GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge();

        // particle beta
        const G4double beta = (pPreStepPoint ->GetBeta() +
                               pPostStepPoint->GetBeta())/2.;

    G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons = 
                 GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge,beta,aMaterial,Rindex);

        if (MeanNumberOfPhotons <= 0.0) {

                // return unchanged particle and no secondaries

                aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(0);
 
                return pParticleChange;

        }

        G4double step_length;
        step_length = aStep.GetStepLength();

    MeanNumberOfPhotons = MeanNumberOfPhotons * step_length;

    G4int NumPhotons = (G4int) G4Poisson(MeanNumberOfPhotons);

    if (NumPhotons <= 0) {

        // return unchanged particle and no secondaries  

        aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(0);
        
                return pParticleChange;
    }


    aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(NumPhotons);

        if (fTrackSecondariesFirst) {
           if (aTrack.GetTrackStatus() == fAlive )
                   aParticleChange.ProposeTrackStatus(fSuspend);
        }
    

    G4double Pmin = Rindex->GetMinLowEdgeEnergy();
    G4double Pmax = Rindex->GetMaxLowEdgeEnergy();
    G4double dp = Pmax - Pmin;

    G4double nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();

        G4double BetaInverse = 1./beta;

    G4double maxCos = BetaInverse / nMax; 
    G4double maxSin2 = (1.0 - maxCos) * (1.0 + maxCos);

        const G4double beta1 = pPreStepPoint ->GetBeta();
        const G4double beta2 = pPostStepPoint->GetBeta();

        G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons1 =
                     GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge,beta1,aMaterial,Rindex);
        G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons2 =
                     GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge,beta2,aMaterial,Rindex);

    for (G4int i = 0; i < NumPhotons; i++) {

        // Determine photon energy

        G4double rand;
        G4double sampledEnergy, sampledRI; 
        G4double cosTheta, sin2Theta;
        
        // sample an energy

        do {
            rand = G4UniformRand(); 
            sampledEnergy = Pmin + rand * dp; 
            sampledRI = Rindex->Value(sampledEnergy);
            cosTheta = BetaInverse / sampledRI;  

            sin2Theta = (1.0 - cosTheta)*(1.0 + cosTheta);
            rand = G4UniformRand(); 

        } while (rand*maxSin2 > sin2Theta);

        // Generate random position of photon on cone surface 
        // defined by Theta 

        rand = G4UniformRand();

        G4double phi = twopi*rand;
        G4double sinPhi = std::sin(phi);
        G4double cosPhi = std::cos(phi);

        // calculate x,y, and z components of photon energy
        // (in coord system with primary particle direction 
        //  aligned with the z axis)

        G4double sinTheta = std::sqrt(sin2Theta); 
        G4double px = sinTheta*cosPhi;
        G4double py = sinTheta*sinPhi;
        G4double pz = cosTheta;

        // Create photon momentum direction vector 
        // The momentum direction is still with respect
        // to the coordinate system where the primary
        // particle direction is aligned with the z axis  

        G4ParticleMomentum photonMomentum(px, py, pz);

        // Rotate momentum direction back to global reference
        // system 

                photonMomentum.rotateUz(p0);

        // Determine polarization of new photon 

        G4double sx = cosTheta*cosPhi;
        G4double sy = cosTheta*sinPhi; 
        G4double sz = -sinTheta;

        G4ThreeVector photonPolarization(sx, sy, sz);

        // Rotate back to original coord system 

                photonPolarization.rotateUz(p0);
        
                // Generate a new photon:

                G4DynamicParticle* aCerenkovPhoton =
                  new G4DynamicParticle(G4OpticalPhoton::OpticalPhoton(), 
                                     photonMomentum);
        aCerenkovPhoton->SetPolarization
                     (photonPolarization.x(),
                      photonPolarization.y(),
                      photonPolarization.z());

        aCerenkovPhoton->SetKineticEnergy(sampledEnergy);

                // Generate new G4Track object:

                G4double delta, NumberOfPhotons, N;

                do {
                   rand = G4UniformRand();
                   delta = rand * aStep.GetStepLength();
                   NumberOfPhotons = MeanNumberOfPhotons1 - delta *
                                (MeanNumberOfPhotons1-MeanNumberOfPhotons2)/
                                              aStep.GetStepLength();
                   N = G4UniformRand() *
                       std::max(MeanNumberOfPhotons1,MeanNumberOfPhotons2);
                } while (N > NumberOfPhotons);

        G4double deltaTime = delta /
                       ((pPreStepPoint->GetVelocity()+
                         pPostStepPoint->GetVelocity())/2.);

                G4double aSecondaryTime = t0 + deltaTime;

                G4ThreeVector aSecondaryPosition =
                                    x0 + rand * aStep.GetDeltaPosition();

        G4Track* aSecondaryTrack = 
        new G4Track(aCerenkovPhoton,aSecondaryTime,aSecondaryPosition);

                aSecondaryTrack->SetTouchableHandle(
                                 aStep.GetPreStepPoint()->GetTouchableHandle());

                aSecondaryTrack->SetParentID(aTrack.GetTrackID());

        aParticleChange.AddSecondary(aSecondaryTrack);
    }

    if (verboseLevel>0) {
       G4cout <<"\n Exiting from G4Cerenkov::DoIt -- NumberOfSecondaries = "
              << aParticleChange.GetNumberOfSecondaries() << G4endl;
    }

        return pParticleChange;
}

// BuildThePhysicsTable for the Cerenkov process
// ---------------------------------------------
//

void G4Cerenkov::BuildThePhysicsTable()
{
    if (thePhysicsTable) return;

    const G4MaterialTable* theMaterialTable=
                   G4Material::GetMaterialTable();
    G4int numOfMaterials = G4Material::GetNumberOfMaterials();

    // create new physics table
    
    thePhysicsTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfMaterials);

    // loop for materials

    for (G4int i=0 ; i < numOfMaterials; i++)
    {
        G4PhysicsOrderedFreeVector* aPhysicsOrderedFreeVector =
                    new G4PhysicsOrderedFreeVector();

        // Retrieve vector of refraction indices for the material
        // from the material's optical properties table 

        G4Material* aMaterial = (*theMaterialTable)[i];

        G4MaterialPropertiesTable* aMaterialPropertiesTable =
                aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();

        if (aMaterialPropertiesTable) {

           G4MaterialPropertyVector* theRefractionIndexVector = 
                   aMaterialPropertiesTable->GetProperty("RINDEX");

           if (theRefractionIndexVector) {
        
              // Retrieve the first refraction index in vector
              // of (photon energy, refraction index) pairs 

                      G4double currentRI = (*theRefractionIndexVector)[0];

              if (currentRI > 1.0) {

             // Create first (photon energy, Cerenkov Integral)
             // pair  

                         G4double currentPM = theRefractionIndexVector->
                                                 Energy(0);
             G4double currentCAI = 0.0;

             aPhysicsOrderedFreeVector->
                 InsertValues(currentPM , currentCAI);

             // Set previous values to current ones prior to loop

             G4double prevPM  = currentPM;
             G4double prevCAI = currentCAI;
                     G4double prevRI  = currentRI;

             // loop over all (photon energy, refraction index)
             // pairs stored for this material  

                         for (size_t ii = 1;
                              ii < theRefractionIndexVector->GetVectorLength();
                              ++ii)
             {
                                currentRI = (*theRefractionIndexVector)[ii];
                                currentPM = theRefractionIndexVector->Energy(ii);

                currentCAI = 0.5*(1.0/(prevRI*prevRI) +
                              1.0/(currentRI*currentRI));

                currentCAI = prevCAI + 
                         (currentPM - prevPM) * currentCAI;

                aPhysicsOrderedFreeVector->
                    InsertValues(currentPM, currentCAI);

                prevPM  = currentPM;
                prevCAI = currentCAI;
                prevRI  = currentRI;
             }

              }
           }
        }

    // The Cerenkov integral for a given material
    // will be inserted in thePhysicsTable
    // according to the position of the material in
    // the material table. 

    thePhysicsTable->insertAt(i,aPhysicsOrderedFreeVector); 

    }
}

// GetMeanFreePath
// ---------------
//

G4double G4Cerenkov::GetMeanFreePath(const G4Track&,
                                           G4double,
                                           G4ForceCondition*)
{
        return 1.;
}

G4double G4Cerenkov::PostStepGetPhysicalInteractionLength(
                                           const G4Track& aTrack,
                                           G4double,
                                           G4ForceCondition* condition)
{
        *condition = NotForced;
        G4double StepLimit = DBL_MAX;

        const G4DynamicParticle* aParticle = aTrack.GetDynamicParticle();
        const G4Material* aMaterial = aTrack.GetMaterial();
        const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple = aTrack.GetMaterialCutsCouple();

        G4double kineticEnergy = aParticle->GetKineticEnergy();
        const G4ParticleDefinition* particleType = aParticle->GetDefinition();
        G4double mass = particleType->GetPDGMass();

        // particle beta
        G4double beta = aParticle->GetTotalMomentum() /
                    aParticle->GetTotalEnergy();
        // particle gamma
        G4double gamma = aParticle->GetTotalEnergy()/mass;

        G4MaterialPropertiesTable* aMaterialPropertiesTable =
                            aMaterial->GetMaterialPropertiesTable();

        G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex = NULL;

        if (aMaterialPropertiesTable)
                     Rindex = aMaterialPropertiesTable->GetProperty("RINDEX");

        G4double nMax;
        if (Rindex) {
           nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();
        } else {
           return StepLimit;
        }

        G4double BetaMin = 1./nMax;
        if ( BetaMin >= 1. ) return StepLimit;

        G4double GammaMin = 1./std::sqrt(1.-BetaMin*BetaMin);

        if (gamma < GammaMin ) return StepLimit;

        G4double kinEmin = mass*(GammaMin-1.);

        G4double RangeMin = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->
                                                   GetRange(particleType,
                                                            kinEmin,
                                                            couple);
        G4double Range    = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->
                                                   GetRange(particleType,
                                                            kineticEnergy,
                                                            couple);

        G4double Step = Range - RangeMin;
        if (Step < 1.*um ) return StepLimit;

        if (Step > 0. && Step < StepLimit) StepLimit = Step; 

        // If user has defined an average maximum number of photons to
        // be generated in a Step, then calculate the Step length for
        // that number of photons. 
 
        if (fMaxPhotons > 0) {

           // particle charge
           const G4double charge = aParticle->
                                   GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge();

       G4double MeanNumberOfPhotons = 
                    GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(charge,beta,aMaterial,Rindex);

           Step = 0.;
           if (MeanNumberOfPhotons > 0.0) Step = fMaxPhotons /
                                                 MeanNumberOfPhotons;

           if (Step > 0. && Step < StepLimit) StepLimit = Step;
        }

        // If user has defined an maximum allowed change in beta per step
        if (fMaxBetaChange > 0.) {

           G4double dedx = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->
                                                   GetDEDX(particleType,
                                                           kineticEnergy,
                                                           couple);

           G4double deltaGamma = gamma - 
                                 1./std::sqrt(1.-beta*beta*
                                                 (1.-fMaxBetaChange)*
                                                 (1.-fMaxBetaChange));

           Step = mass * deltaGamma / dedx;

           if (Step > 0. && Step < StepLimit) StepLimit = Step;

        }

        *condition = StronglyForced;
        return StepLimit;
}

// GetAverageNumberOfPhotons
// -------------------------
// This routine computes the number of Cerenkov photons produced per
// GEANT-unit (millimeter) in the current medium. 
//             ^^^^^^^^^^

G4double 
G4Cerenkov::GetAverageNumberOfPhotons(const G4double charge,
                              const G4double beta, 
                  const G4Material* aMaterial,
                  G4MaterialPropertyVector* Rindex) const
{
    const G4double Rfact = 369.81/(eV * cm);

        if(beta <= 0.0)return 0.0;

        G4double BetaInverse = 1./beta;

    // Vectors used in computation of Cerenkov Angle Integral:
    //  - Refraction Indices for the current material
    //  - new G4PhysicsOrderedFreeVector allocated to hold CAI's
 
    G4int materialIndex = aMaterial->GetIndex();

    // Retrieve the Cerenkov Angle Integrals for this material  

    G4PhysicsOrderedFreeVector* CerenkovAngleIntegrals =
    (G4PhysicsOrderedFreeVector*)((*thePhysicsTable)(materialIndex));

        if(!(CerenkovAngleIntegrals->IsFilledVectorExist()))return 0.0;

    // Min and Max photon energies 
    G4double Pmin = Rindex->GetMinLowEdgeEnergy();
    G4double Pmax = Rindex->GetMaxLowEdgeEnergy();

    // Min and Max Refraction Indices 
    G4double nMin = Rindex->GetMinValue();  
    G4double nMax = Rindex->GetMaxValue();

    // Max Cerenkov Angle Integral 
    G4double CAImax = CerenkovAngleIntegrals->GetMaxValue();

    G4double dp, ge;

    // If n(Pmax) < 1/Beta -- no photons generated 

    if (nMax < BetaInverse) {
        dp = 0;
        ge = 0;
    } 

    // otherwise if n(Pmin) >= 1/Beta -- photons generated  

    else if (nMin > BetaInverse) {
        dp = Pmax - Pmin;   
        ge = CAImax; 
    } 

    // If n(Pmin) < 1/Beta, and n(Pmax) >= 1/Beta, then
    // we need to find a P such that the value of n(P) == 1/Beta.
    // Interpolation is performed by the GetEnergy() and
    // Value() methods of the G4MaterialPropertiesTable and
    // the GetValue() method of G4PhysicsVector.  

    else {
        Pmin = Rindex->GetEnergy(BetaInverse);
        dp = Pmax - Pmin;

        // need boolean for current implementation of G4PhysicsVector
        // ==> being phased out
        G4bool isOutRange;
        G4double CAImin = CerenkovAngleIntegrals->
                                  GetValue(Pmin, isOutRange);
        ge = CAImax - CAImin;

        if (verboseLevel>0) {
            G4cout << "CAImin = " << CAImin << G4endl;
            G4cout << "ge = " << ge << G4endl;
        }
    }
    
    // Calculate number of photons 
    G4double NumPhotons = Rfact * charge/eplus * charge/eplus *
                                 (dp - ge * BetaInverse*BetaInverse);

    return NumPhotons;      
}